Database Performance Fundamentals Before Scaling

Performance work usually starts with one visible query or index—not a move to a more complex architecture.

A practical framework

Observe slow queries and query count per request, then inspect execution plans. Add indexes for real access patterns and select the fields you need instead of fetching everything.

Checklist

• Prevent N+1 with eager loading
• Index sort and filter paths
• Paginate large results
• Cache with clear invalidation rules

The next step

Choose one decision you can apply this week, assign an owner and success signal, then review the result before expanding scope.